Neuro Imaging to detect signals and pattern for Big Data
Neuroimaging includes the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure, function/pharmacology of the brain. It is a relatively new discipline within medicine and neuroscience/psychology.
Neuroimaging falls into two broad categories:
Membrane Potentials
Example where the
concentration of an ion is 100% on one side of the membrane (blue line)
and 0% on the other. This imbalance is maintained because the membrane
is impermeable to that ion.
Here the ions have
diffused across the membrane because it has become permeable to that ion
(dotted black line) and the concentration on either side is 50/50.
Equilibrium has been reached.
Ions want to move from a high concentration to a low concentration in order to create equilibrium.
If there is an imbalance across the membrane, then there is a concentration gradient (CG) across the membrane.
Our brains are buzzing with electrical activity created by sodium and potassium ions moving in and out of neurons through specialized pores. To prevent the constant chatter from descending into chaos the activity of these ion channels has to be tightly regulated.
One possibility is to issue the channels a ticket straight to the cellular dumpster, discovered researchers at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. A novel intracellular traffic coordinator pulls potassium channels from their job and whisks them to the recycling plant when not needed to put a damper on brain cells' excitability, they report in the September issue of Nature Neuroscience.
Brain cells signal by sending electrical impulses along their axons, long, hair-like extensions that reach out to neighboring nerve cells. They make contact via specialized structures called synapses, from the Greek word meaning "to clasp together." When an electrical signal reaches the end of an axon, the voltage change triggers the release of neurotransmitters, the brain's chemical messengers.
These neurotransmitter molecules then travel across the space between neurons and set off an electrical signal in the adjacent cell -- unless the receiving end is decorated with so called GIRK channels, that is. In response to incoming signals, these channels open up, creating many little "potassium leaks" and as a result the signal fizzles.
GIRK channels (short for G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels) -- a subtype of the many different potassium channels in the brain -- are widely distributed in the brain and regulate neuron-to-neuron communication.
"We knew that the GIRK3 subtype has a unique code on its tail, like a signpost, that might interact with other proteins.
According to definition of DATA SCIENCE "Big Data is originated from Human Data" & Big Data is a Data which is solved by Complex Technology, Now under Neuro Signal we have to use Machine Learning, Image Processing with Pattern Recognition for Symmetric detection under flow of blood and their Release of Ions.
Neuroimaging falls into two broad categories:
- Structural imaging, which deals with the structure of the brain and the diagnosis of gross (large scale) intracranial disease (such as tumor), and injury, and
- functional imaging, which is used to diagnose metabolic diseases and lesions on a finer scale (such as Alzheimer's disease) and also for neurological and cognitive psychology research and building brain-computer interfaces.
Membrane Potentials
Example where the
concentration of an ion is 100% on one side of the membrane (blue line)
and 0% on the other. This imbalance is maintained because the membrane
is impermeable to that ion.Here the ions have
diffused across the membrane because it has become permeable to that ion
(dotted black line) and the concentration on either side is 50/50.
Equilibrium has been reached. - Electrostatic Pressure
- Ions of like charges repel (positive with positive or negative with negative), and of opposite charges attract (positive with negative or negative with positive)
- If there is a difference in charges across the membrane, then there is an electrical potential across the membrane
- For example, positively charged ions in the extracellular space will be attracted toward a negatively charged intracellular fluid. Only the neuron's membrane could keep them apart.
Neuronal Stimulation
A number of factors contribute to a neuron’s stimulation, which causes a change in the neural membrane’s permeability- Mechano-sensitive channels are affected by distortions or deformations in the membrane around it
- Voltage-sensitive channels are affected by the current voltage around the membrane
- Ligand-sensitive channels are affected by chemical agents (found on dendrites and postsynaptic cells)
Passive Potential
The moment a neuron’s membrane is affected by some stimuli, the following happens:- A chemical or physical change causes some Na+ ion channels in the membrane to open temporarily
- Na+ ions enter the cell because of the concentration gradient and electrostatic pressure, making the inside of the cell more positive (depolarization)
- Because of this electrical change, the K+ ions are pushed out through the non-gated K+ ion channels
- The current spreads passively as adjacent parts of the membrane also become depolarized
- The current is proportional to the size of the simulation, but passive potentials decay with time and distance from the source of the depolarization.
Our brains are buzzing with electrical activity created by sodium and potassium ions moving in and out of neurons through specialized pores. To prevent the constant chatter from descending into chaos the activity of these ion channels has to be tightly regulated.
One possibility is to issue the channels a ticket straight to the cellular dumpster, discovered researchers at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. A novel intracellular traffic coordinator pulls potassium channels from their job and whisks them to the recycling plant when not needed to put a damper on brain cells' excitability, they report in the September issue of Nature Neuroscience.
Brain cells signal by sending electrical impulses along their axons, long, hair-like extensions that reach out to neighboring nerve cells. They make contact via specialized structures called synapses, from the Greek word meaning "to clasp together." When an electrical signal reaches the end of an axon, the voltage change triggers the release of neurotransmitters, the brain's chemical messengers.
These neurotransmitter molecules then travel across the space between neurons and set off an electrical signal in the adjacent cell -- unless the receiving end is decorated with so called GIRK channels, that is. In response to incoming signals, these channels open up, creating many little "potassium leaks" and as a result the signal fizzles.
GIRK channels (short for G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels) -- a subtype of the many different potassium channels in the brain -- are widely distributed in the brain and regulate neuron-to-neuron communication.
"We knew that the GIRK3 subtype has a unique code on its tail, like a signpost, that might interact with other proteins.
According to definition of DATA SCIENCE "Big Data is originated from Human Data" & Big Data is a Data which is solved by Complex Technology, Now under Neuro Signal we have to use Machine Learning, Image Processing with Pattern Recognition for Symmetric detection under flow of blood and their Release of Ions.
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